Calcium Carbonate
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Limestone (calcium carbonate) is one of the most common types of rock found on the surface of the Earth. About 10% of the land surface of our planet is made of limestone or similar types of rock.
Description
Limestone (calcium carbonate) is one of the most common types of rock found on the surface of the Earth. About 10% of the land surface of our planet is made of limestone or similar types of rock.
Limestone is a rock that contains a significant quantity of calcite (CaCO3), the remaining constituents may include other carbonate minerals such as dolomite, (CaMg (CO3)2 and less commonly aragonite (CaCO3).
Pure calcite, dolomite, and aragonite are clear or white minerals. However, with impurities, such as sand, clay, iron oxides and hydroxides, and organic materials, the rock can take on a variety of colors. Consequently, limestone is commonly light colored, usually tan or grey.
Naturally, calcium carbonate occurs in three common forms – chalk, limestone and marble.
Chalk is a soft rock consisting predominantly of coccoliths (microscopic shells of marine organisms). Chalk occurs over large areas of northern Europe.
Limestone it is formed by the accumulation of shells and shell fragments, or by direct crystallization of calcium carbonate from water. Most limestone are of marine origin, formed in shallow water, typically in depths of less than 20 m. A few were formed in lagoons or in fresh water. Limestone can be grouped as constructional, shell and metamorphic types.
Marble is formed by the metamorphism of limestone. If the limestone contains other materials such as sand and clay, the calcite will react with them to produce calc-silicate minerals such as tremolite, epidote, diopside, and grossular garnet.
Types of calcium carbonate-containing rock are excavated and used by industry. Limestone and chalk are both forms of calcium carbonate and dolomite is a mixture of calcium and magnesium carbonates. All have impurities such as clay but some rocks are over 97% pure. Limestone and other products derived from it are used extensively in the construction industry and to neutralize acidic compounds in a variety of contexts.
In the chemical industry, large quantities of limestone are heated to ca 1500 K to form calcium oxide, known as quicklime .Water can be added to lime to form calcium hydroxide. The process is known as ‘slaking’. Solid calcium hydroxide is known as slaked lime or hydrated lime, and solutions and suspensions in water as milk of lime.
The term lime is often used to cover quicklime, slaked lime (hydrated lime) and milk of lime.
For a particular use, an appropriate choice is made from the four: limestone, quicklime, slaked lime or milk of lime. In many uses, lime reacts more quickly than limestone but is more expensive, because a high temperature is required to produce it from limestone.
1. Crushed limestone
1.1 Aggregates
>> 1.1.1 Concrete
>> 1.1.2 Construction
>> 1.1.3 Landscaping
>> 1.1.4 Road stone
>> 1.1.5 Roof Chippings
1.2 Chemical use
>> 1.2.1 Flue Gas Desulphurization
>> 1.2.2 Glass Manufacture
>> 1.2.3 Iron Smelting
2. Dimensional limestone
2.1 Large / Massive
>> 2.1.1 Building and Walling Stone
>> 2.1.2 Monumental Stone
>> 2.1.3 Dimensional Cut Stone
>> 2.1.4 Paving Stones
2.2 Ground calcium carbonate
2.2.1 Course to medium ground
>> 2.2.1.1 Agriculture
>> 2.2.1.2 Animal & Pet Feeds
>> 2.2.1.3 Asphalt Filler
>> 2.2.1.4 Carpet-backing
>> 2.2.1.5 Ceramics
>> 2.2.1.6 Mining
>> 2.2.1.7 Pre-Cast Concrete
>> 2.2.1.8 Synthetic Floor Tiles
>> 2.2.1.9 Water & Waste Treatment
2.2.2 Fine/ultrafine ground
>> 2.2.2.1 Adhesives & Sealants
>> 2.2.2.2 Food.
>> 2.2.2.3 Household Products.
>> 2.2.2.4 Paper.
>> 2.2.2.5 Paints
>> 2.2.2.6 Pharmaceuticals
>> 2.2.2.7 Plastics
>> 2.2.2.8 Rubber
3. Calcined limestone.M
3.1 Lime (Burnt lime, quicklime).
>> 3.1.1 Aerated Concrete Blocks.
>> 3.1.2 Biosolids
>> 3.1.3 Calcium Silicate Bricks.
>> 3.1.4 Chemicals.
>> 3.1.5 Contaminated Land.
>> 3.1.6 Iron and Steel Manufacture.
>> 3.1.7 Lime wash.
>> 3.1.8 Motor Oil Additives.
>> 3.1.9 Plastics.
3.2 Hydrated limestone.
>> 3.2.1 Seawater, magnesia water purification.
>> 3.2.2 Swage & Effluent Treatment.
3.3 Precipitated calcium carbonate (pcc).
>> 3.3.1 Paper industry
>> 3.3.2 Paints
>> 3.3.3 Rubber
>> 3.3.4 Plastics
>> 3.3.5 Food& drinks
>> 3.3.6 Pharmaceutical
>> 3.3.7 Polymers
Types
| Type | Gadwa Code | Description | Application |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aggregates | GLS1 | Sizes from 1mm to 40 cm | Concrete, Construction, Landscaping, Road stone, Roof Chippings, Flue Gas Desulphurization, Glass Manufacture, Iron Smelting |
| Dimensional | GLS 2 | Requested dimension | Building and Walling Stone, Monumental Stone. Dimensional Cut Stone, Paving Stones |
| Ground calcium carbonate (GCC) | GLS 3 | grains size from 10 µ to 200 µ | Agriculture, Animal & Pet Feeds, Asphalt Filler. Carpet-backing, Ceramics, Pre-Cast Concrete. Synthetic Floor Tile, Water & Waste Treatment |
| Quick lime | GLS 4 | Requested specification | Aerated Concrete Blocks, Biosolids, Calcium Silicate Bricks, Chemicals, Contaminated Land, Iron and Steel Manufacture, Lime wash, Motor Oil Additives.Plastics, |
| Hydrated lime | GLS 5 | Requested specification | Seawater, magnesia water purification. Swage & Effluent Treatment |
Chemical Analysis
| Element | Percentage |
|---|---|
| Cao | 55.20 |
| Fe2O3 | 0.03 |
| SiO2 | 0.40 |
| MgO | 0.30 |
| Al2O3 | 0.70 |
| Mn | 0.002 |
| (l.o.i) | 44.00 |
Physical characteristics
| Parameter | State |
|---|---|
| Whiteness | > 93% |
| Specific Gravity | 2.65 |
| Molecular weight | 100.09 |
| Mohs hardness | 3.5 |
| Decomposition TO ( C) | 875o |
| Refraction index | 1.59 |
| Compressive strength | 400 gm/cm3 |
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